AUM
CELEBRATING ’65 WAR VICTORY
By Brigadier(Retd) Chitranjan Sawant,VSM
Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri, Prime Minister of India ordered the
Indian Army to cross the international border in the Punjab and launch a two
pronged attack on Pakistan. It was a magnificent master stroke of high level
strategy that broke the back of attacking forces of Pakistan in the
Chhamb-Akhnoor sector of Jammu & Kashmir. The wily attackers had no choice
but to withdraw from their winning position and rush to the defence of their
homeland – Punjab. Shastri Ji’s strategic move to cross the international
borders and attack towards Lahore and Sialkot was indeed a Game Changer.
Indian Army to cross the international border in the Punjab and launch a two
pronged attack on Pakistan. It was a magnificent master stroke of high level
strategy that broke the back of attacking forces of Pakistan in the
Chhamb-Akhnoor sector of Jammu & Kashmir. The wily attackers had no choice
but to withdraw from their winning position and rush to the defence of their
homeland – Punjab. Shastri Ji’s strategic move to cross the international
borders and attack towards Lahore and Sialkot was indeed a Game Changer.
Pakistan Army, thereafter, could never achieve its Aim of War
to wrest Kashmir by force and annex it with Pakistan. That was a long cherished
dream of their founder, Mohammad Ali Jinnah. It may be recalled that Jinnah’s
dreams were dashed in 1947 when the Indian Army had landed at the Srinagar
airport to turn the tide and stop the attacking Pakistan tribals commanded by
regular Pakistan army officers in their tracks. Jinnah kept waiting at
Abbotabad cantonment for a green signal from its army to move ceremonially into
Srinagar to accept the surrender of representatives of the Hindu Dogra ruler,
Maharaja Sir Hari Singh Ji but returned home deeply disappointed.
to wrest Kashmir by force and annex it with Pakistan. That was a long cherished
dream of their founder, Mohammad Ali Jinnah. It may be recalled that Jinnah’s
dreams were dashed in 1947 when the Indian Army had landed at the Srinagar
airport to turn the tide and stop the attacking Pakistan tribals commanded by
regular Pakistan army officers in their tracks. Jinnah kept waiting at
Abbotabad cantonment for a green signal from its army to move ceremonially into
Srinagar to accept the surrender of representatives of the Hindu Dogra ruler,
Maharaja Sir Hari Singh Ji but returned home deeply disappointed.
PAKISTAN’S GAME PLAN
Pakistan’s military rulers had made the Himalayan blunder of
underestimating the will power of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and the
fighting capability of the Indian Army. President Ayub Khan of Pakistan made
the greatest mistake of his life by launching Operation Gibraltar and sending
thousands of his army soldiers into Kashmir in disguise in the summer of 1965
to sabotage lines of communications of the Indian Army and incite the Kashmiri
Muslims to rise in revolt against occupation of their homeland by the Hindus of
Indian Army. The AIM was not achieved as the said operation failed to take off.
In fact the local Kashmiri kissans and Gujjar cowherds were the first ones to
inform the Indian Army of the massive enemy infiltration. Their element of
surprise was lost and their Operation Gibraltar collapsed like a house of
cards.
underestimating the will power of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and the
fighting capability of the Indian Army. President Ayub Khan of Pakistan made
the greatest mistake of his life by launching Operation Gibraltar and sending
thousands of his army soldiers into Kashmir in disguise in the summer of 1965
to sabotage lines of communications of the Indian Army and incite the Kashmiri
Muslims to rise in revolt against occupation of their homeland by the Hindus of
Indian Army. The AIM was not achieved as the said operation failed to take off.
In fact the local Kashmiri kissans and Gujjar cowherds were the first ones to
inform the Indian Army of the massive enemy infiltration. Their element of
surprise was lost and their Operation Gibraltar collapsed like a house of
cards.
General Ayub Khan, then President of Pakistan made the second
major mistake of launching Operation Grand Slam. Their tanks and crack infantry
regiments were ordered to cross Chhamb-Jaurian and capture Akhnoor to fan out
in the plains of Jammu and cut the vital lines of communications and Supply of
the Indian Army located in J&K. His supposed master move was to paralyze
the Indian Army by starving them of rations, ammunition and weaponry, not
forgetting reinforcements.
major mistake of launching Operation Grand Slam. Their tanks and crack infantry
regiments were ordered to cross Chhamb-Jaurian and capture Akhnoor to fan out
in the plains of Jammu and cut the vital lines of communications and Supply of
the Indian Army located in J&K. His supposed master move was to paralyze
the Indian Army by starving them of rations, ammunition and weaponry, not
forgetting reinforcements.
The Pakistan Army initially met with major successes as their
armour cut deep into the Indian territory. Gen Ayub Khan had issued a special
Order of the Day congratulating Generals, officers and troops of his army on
their major military achievements. The Indian Air Force fighter jets were not a
bugbear to their tanks as the old time planes were shot down. “ You have
pierced the enemy flesh with your teeth, bite deep and let him bleed”, said old
Ayub in one of his statements to his soldiers.
armour cut deep into the Indian territory. Gen Ayub Khan had issued a special
Order of the Day congratulating Generals, officers and troops of his army on
their major military achievements. The Indian Air Force fighter jets were not a
bugbear to their tanks as the old time planes were shot down. “ You have
pierced the enemy flesh with your teeth, bite deep and let him bleed”, said old
Ayub in one of his statements to his soldiers.
And yet for no rhyme or reason Gen Ayub Khan made a major
mistake of his military career. He ordered a change of command at their
advancing infantry division level by replacing the GOC and putting Major
General Yahya Khan in saddle. The change of command halted the fast pace
forward and there was a period of inaction for a day plus. It gave times to the
Indian generals to regroup their forces and tie their loose ends. It remains
unexplained why Gen Ayub Khan changed the General Officer Commanding of the strike
division at a crucial moment.
mistake of his military career. He ordered a change of command at their
advancing infantry division level by replacing the GOC and putting Major
General Yahya Khan in saddle. The change of command halted the fast pace
forward and there was a period of inaction for a day plus. It gave times to the
Indian generals to regroup their forces and tie their loose ends. It remains
unexplained why Gen Ayub Khan changed the General Officer Commanding of the strike
division at a crucial moment.
The morale of the Indian soldiers in the Akhnoor area was
rather low. They did not perceive any major reinforcement coming from India nor
was there any material change in the battle plan. The civil population was also
perplexed. They had never anticipated such ferocious attack from Pakistan, an
underdog until then. What had emboldened Pakistan’s planners and executors was
their information that the Indian Army was incapable of fighting against
Pakistan. Its disastrous defeat in the 1962 India-China war and running away
from battle of both officers and soldiers was a proof of lack of training and
poor quality of weapon system. Although some mistakes had been rectified
between 1962 and 1965 but that was not perceived to be enough to make them
fighting fit.
rather low. They did not perceive any major reinforcement coming from India nor
was there any material change in the battle plan. The civil population was also
perplexed. They had never anticipated such ferocious attack from Pakistan, an
underdog until then. What had emboldened Pakistan’s planners and executors was
their information that the Indian Army was incapable of fighting against
Pakistan. Its disastrous defeat in the 1962 India-China war and running away
from battle of both officers and soldiers was a proof of lack of training and
poor quality of weapon system. Although some mistakes had been rectified
between 1962 and 1965 but that was not perceived to be enough to make them
fighting fit.
Pakistan, on the other hand, had been preparing for a war
with India for quite some time to avenge their failure in J&K in 1947-48.
They had joined CENTO and SEATO and the USA poured military armaments much more
than what Pakis needed. The US strategists had organized a seminar to assess
the military situation in South Asia where the consensus was that should there
be a military engagement in South Asia, Pakistan was sure to defeat India.
with India for quite some time to avenge their failure in J&K in 1947-48.
They had joined CENTO and SEATO and the USA poured military armaments much more
than what Pakis needed. The US strategists had organized a seminar to assess
the military situation in South Asia where the consensus was that should there
be a military engagement in South Asia, Pakistan was sure to defeat India.
Pakistan Army officers had been brainwashing their junior
commissioned officers and Jawans with the concept that man to man a Pakistani
soldier was miles ahead of an Indian soldier. It was indeed a morale booster
for the Pakistan Army. But their officers had overplayed their hand in this game
of cards.
commissioned officers and Jawans with the concept that man to man a Pakistani
soldier was miles ahead of an Indian soldier. It was indeed a morale booster
for the Pakistan Army. But their officers had overplayed their hand in this game
of cards.
SHASTRI FACTOR
A diminutive figure physically but Rishi- size mentally and
saint like spiritually, Lal Bahadur Shastri had an humble beginning but drew on
his reserve of honesty, tenacity, perseverance and problem solving. Never say
DIE was his motto and he lived by it. WILL TO WIN was a trait of his character
and mental personality. No wonder he made it to the high office of Prime
Minister of India and made an impact on the history of the Indian
sub-continent.
saint like spiritually, Lal Bahadur Shastri had an humble beginning but drew on
his reserve of honesty, tenacity, perseverance and problem solving. Never say
DIE was his motto and he lived by it. WILL TO WIN was a trait of his character
and mental personality. No wonder he made it to the high office of Prime
Minister of India and made an impact on the history of the Indian
sub-continent.
General Ayub Khan had failed to assess his adversary, Shastri
Ji. Shastri Ji was a votary of AHIMSA
but once it came to killing the enemy to defend the motherland, he was second
to none. Both Ayub and later Yahya made a mistake in assessing the fighting
spirit of the HINDU soldier and what they mistakenly called Hindu India. With
the result the puffed up generals across the border lost all the wars they
fought against ”Hindu India”.
Ji. Shastri Ji was a votary of AHIMSA
but once it came to killing the enemy to defend the motherland, he was second
to none. Both Ayub and later Yahya made a mistake in assessing the fighting
spirit of the HINDU soldier and what they mistakenly called Hindu India. With
the result the puffed up generals across the border lost all the wars they
fought against ”Hindu India”.
The Indian nation had great confidence in its national
leader, Lal Bahadur Shastri. When USA made a veiled threat of stopping grain
supply under PL 480, Shastri Ji advised the Nation to miss a meal once a week
and more often, if need be. Like a good leader, he followed his own advice. It
inspired all Indians to acquire moral courage, a quality that had enriched
personality of the diminutive man.
leader, Lal Bahadur Shastri. When USA made a veiled threat of stopping grain
supply under PL 480, Shastri Ji advised the Nation to miss a meal once a week
and more often, if need be. Like a good leader, he followed his own advice. It
inspired all Indians to acquire moral courage, a quality that had enriched
personality of the diminutive man.
No wonder Shastri Ji ordered the Indian Army to cross the
international borders and launch a two pronged attack on the enemy country. He
achieved success. When departing for Tashkent to attend the peace negotiations
with Pakistan after the war was over, a journalist asked him,” Sir, you are
short statured but President Ayub is so tall, how would you face him?” Shastri
Ji’s prompt reply in Hindi was: “ Wo sar jhuka kar baat kreinge aur main sar
utha kar baath karunga”. The questioner was left speechless.
international borders and launch a two pronged attack on the enemy country. He
achieved success. When departing for Tashkent to attend the peace negotiations
with Pakistan after the war was over, a journalist asked him,” Sir, you are
short statured but President Ayub is so tall, how would you face him?” Shastri
Ji’s prompt reply in Hindi was: “ Wo sar jhuka kar baat kreinge aur main sar
utha kar baath karunga”. The questioner was left speechless.
ASSESSING ’65 WAR
Many a time the question crops up; who won, who lost. In any
case both Bharat and Pakistan are celebrating their Victory Day on 6th
September 2015. It was 50 years ago that India had launched its forces across
borders towards Lahore and Sialkot. They fought for 22 days when the Security
Council of the United Nations brokered Peace and ordered a Ceasefire on 23 Sep
65 at 0330 hrs.
case both Bharat and Pakistan are celebrating their Victory Day on 6th
September 2015. It was 50 years ago that India had launched its forces across
borders towards Lahore and Sialkot. They fought for 22 days when the Security
Council of the United Nations brokered Peace and ordered a Ceasefire on 23 Sep
65 at 0330 hrs.
Going by territorial gains, India had won 720 sq miles of
Pakistan. The enemy had captured about 400 sq miles of the Indian territory.
Casualty on Indian side was, 30,000 whereas on their side it was 30800. Who
knocked out how many tanks is a much debated point. However, all agree that
after WWII, Chhawinda and Asal Uttar were the two biggest tanks battles of the
1965 India-Pakistan war. The graveyard of Paki Patton tank in the Khemkaran
area is a glaring proof of incapacity of American tanks to win a war. One may
emphasis again that it is the Man behind the gun and not the GUN that becomes a
battle winning factor.
Pakistan. The enemy had captured about 400 sq miles of the Indian territory.
Casualty on Indian side was, 30,000 whereas on their side it was 30800. Who
knocked out how many tanks is a much debated point. However, all agree that
after WWII, Chhawinda and Asal Uttar were the two biggest tanks battles of the
1965 India-Pakistan war. The graveyard of Paki Patton tank in the Khemkaran
area is a glaring proof of incapacity of American tanks to win a war. One may
emphasis again that it is the Man behind the gun and not the GUN that becomes a
battle winning factor.
Gallantry awards were given to the Brave hearts by both the
countries. India honoured one officer and one Jawan with Param Vir Chakra, the
highest gallantry award for displaying extra-ordinary bravery above the call of
duty in the face of the enemy. Pakistan gave one award of this nature.
countries. India honoured one officer and one Jawan with Param Vir Chakra, the
highest gallantry award for displaying extra-ordinary bravery above the call of
duty in the face of the enemy. Pakistan gave one award of this nature.
Let us assess what was the aim of Pakistan when they launched
Operation Gibraltar and operation Grand Slam? Pakistan wanted to snatch Kashmir
from India and make it a part of Pakistan. Did they succeed in their AIM? The
answer is a big NO. What was India’s aim in going to war against Pakistan?
Well, to defend every inch of India and not let Pakistan wrest any part of
India. Did India succeed in achieving its aim? The answer is a big YES.
Operation Gibraltar and operation Grand Slam? Pakistan wanted to snatch Kashmir
from India and make it a part of Pakistan. Did they succeed in their AIM? The
answer is a big NO. What was India’s aim in going to war against Pakistan?
Well, to defend every inch of India and not let Pakistan wrest any part of
India. Did India succeed in achieving its aim? The answer is a big YES.
India won the war and Pakistan lost.
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